GAMBARAN KONSUMSI ZAT GIZI ANAK UMUR 6 BULAN – 12 TAHUN DI INDONESIA

Abstract

Prevalensi gangguan gizi pada anak di Indonesia terutama stunting masih cukup tinggi dan menempati posisi kelima terbesar di dunia. Penyebab multi sektoral gangguan gizi termasuk makanan, kesehatan dan pola asuh. Di tingkat individu, penyebab langsung gangguan gizi tersebut adalah masih rendahnya kuantitas konsumsi makanan dan rendahnya kualitas bahan makanan yang dikonsumsi,  serta adanya penyakit infeksi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsumsi makanan anak di Indonesia. Studi SEANUTS dilakukan di 48 kabupaten di wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan. Data tingkat kecukupan konsumsi zat gizi anak Indonesia umur 6 bulan-12 tahun diperoleh dengan metode recall 1x24 jam yang meliputi 3600 anak. Konversi bahan makanan yang dikonsumi ke dalam zat gizi dilakukan berdasarkan daftar komposisi bahan makanan Indonesia dan tingkat kecukupan konsumsi zat gizi dihitung berdasarkan AKG Indonesia. Hasilnya menunjukkan rata-rata tingkat  kecukupan konsumsi energi, vitamin A, asam folat, vitamin C, kalsium, dan besi masih di bawah AKG (44-77%), sedangkan rata-rata tingkat kecukupan konsumsi protein dan fosfor sudah di atas AKG (106-114%). Rata-rata tingkat kecukupan konsumsi zat gizi tertinggi adalah kelompok umur 6-11 bulan dan terendah kelompok umur 9-12 tahun. Proporsi anak dengan tingkat konsumsi zat gizi di bawah AKG tertinggi pada kelompok umur 9-12 tahun dan terendah umur 6-11 bulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa anak-anak pada kelompok umur lebih tua, dengan ibu berpendidikan rendah, kuintil sosial ekonomi rendah, dan tinggal di perdesaan, mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi mengonsumsi zat gizi di bawah AKG

ABSTRACT

DIETARY INTAKE OF INDONESIAN CHILDREN 6 MONTH - 12 YEAR OF AGE

The prevalence of undernutrition in Indonesia is still high. Stunting, one type of undernutrition with the highest prevalence is rank number five in the world. The multisectoral causes of undernutrition include food, health, and caring practices. At individual level, the immediate causes are inadequate and low quality of dietary intake and infectious disease. This SEANUTS study aimed to assess dietary intake among children in Indonesia. The study was conducted in 48 districts covering urban and rural areas of 3,600 children 6 month-12 years of age. Dietary intake was assessed by 1x24 hour dietary recall by trained nutritionists. Indonesian food composition tables were used to calculate nutrient contents and then compared the nutrient intakes to Indonesian recommended dietary allowances (RDA) to assess their adequacy. The overall results showed that the average intakes of energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, iron, and calsium and phosphor were still below the RDA (44-77%), while protein and phosphor were above the RDA (106-114%). The inadequacy varies among age group, the older the children the more deficit of nutrient intake. The highest average intake was among  children 6-11 month of age groups and lowest is among children 9-12 year of age. By using cut-off point of Indonesian RDA, there were still high proportion of children deficit in nutrient intakes. It is concluded that children of older age group, living with low maternal education, low socioeconomic status, and in rural area were significantly higher risk of deficit in nutrient intake below RDA.

Keywords: nutrient consumption, RDA, Indonesian children