PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN KUALITAS KONSUMSI PANGAN PADA RUMAH TANGGA MISKIN DI INDONESIA
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Abstract
Rumah tangga miskin merupakan kelompok yang berisiko mengalami rawan pangan karena keterbatasan akses secara ekonomi maupun secara fisik. Keragaman konsumsi pangan rumah tangga diduga mampu dijadikan sebagai indikator rawan pangan. Salah satu metode sederhana untuk menilai keragaman konsumsi pangan rumah tangga adalah Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). HDDS mencerminkan kemampuan ekonomi rumah tangga dalam memperoleh berbagai jenis pangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kualitas konsumsi pangan rumah tangga miskin menggunakan skor HDDS dan validasi HDDS sebagai metode alternatif dalam mendeteksi kejadian rawan pangan pada rumah tangga miskin. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Bogor pada bulan Mei-Oktober 2013. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik rumah tangga dan konsumsi pangan di dalam rumah yang dikumpulkan menggunakan metode recall 1 x 24 jam. Wawancara dilakukan terhadap ibu yang memiliki peran penting dalam menentukan konsumsi pangan rumah tangga. Hasil analisis menunjukkan skor HDDS yang tinggi di seluruh lokasi penelitian (skor 6-12), yang berarti konsumsi pangan rumah tangga cukup beragam, namun secara kuantitas asupan energi dan proteinnya masih rendah. Terdapat 61,3 persen rumah tangga tergolong kelompok defisit energi tingkat berat (< 70% Tingkat Kecukupan Energi). Uji sensitivitas (Se) menunjukkan HDDS sensitif 26,95 persen untuk mendeteksi kejadian rawan pangan pada rumah tangga miskin. Hasil uji spesifisitas (Sp) menunjukkan HDDS spesifik 85,16 persen untuk mendeteksi tahan pangan pada rumah tangga miskin. Setelah dilakukan modifikasi dengan mengategorikan kelompok pangan berdasarkan fungsi gizi, nilai Se meningkat menjadi 91,04 persen dan nilai Sp menurun menjadi 35,61 persen. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa HDDS modifikasi memiliki sensitivitas yang baik untuk mendeteksi kejadian rawan pangan pada rumah tangga miskin.
ABSTRACT
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIETARY QUALITY ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT
IN POOR HOUSEHOLDS IN INDONESIA
Poor households were a risk group of food insecurity due to limited of economic and physic access. Household dietary diversity was predicted can be used as an indicator of food insecurity. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) is the method used to assess the dietary diversity. The purpose of this study was to determine dietary quality of poor households using HDDS scores and to test HDDS as an alternative method to identify food insecurity in poor households in Indonesia. Data collected from May until October 2013 included household characteristics and household dietary intake at home using 1 x 24-hour recall. The results showed a high HDDS scores (scores 6-12) across the study sites, which means, household food consumption is quite diverse. In terms of quantity, energy and protein intakes of household members remained low despite HDDS scores indicated that consumption had been diverse. There were 61.3 per cent households which classified as severe level of energy deficit group (<70%). The test of the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) showed that HDDS only 26,95per cent sensitive to identify food insecurity in poor households and 85,16% specific to identify food security in poor households. After modifications by grouping of food based on nutritional function, the Se values increased to 91.04per cent and Sp values decreased to 35.61per cent. These results indicated that the modified HDDS were able to identify food insecurity in poor households.
Keywords: HDDS, dietary diversity, food insecurity, sensitivity, specificity
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