IRON INTAKE, HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH KARNOFSKY SCORE: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS OF RSUP PERSAHABATAN
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Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease that often causes chronic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility. Hormonal treatment as definitive therapy for endometriosis can disrupt and lead to recurrent pain. Flavonoids are natural bioactive compounds found in various fruits, vegetables, and bee products, and their function as antioxidants to suppress the proliferation of pathological cells, which can also contribute to the improvement of clinical signs and symptoms. The aim of this literature review is to investigate the potential of flavonoids as a functional ingredients in nutrition management of endometriosis. The review was conducted using search engines including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane. The inclusion criteria were: (1) The study design could be a randomized clinical trial (RCT), a case-control study, or an in vivo study, (2) the literature has to be published in the last ten years from 2013 to 2023, (3) using English or Indonesian subjects, and (4) literature can be accessed online. The exclusion criteria were irrelevant articles and incomplete texts, such as only abstracts. The triggering factors for the development of endometriosis are still unknown, but oxidative stress is one of the factors that has been strongly associated with endometriosis. The administration of natural antioxidants is a promising adjuvant nutritional therapy option to support primary endometriosis treatment. Flavonoids are bioactive compounds that possess strong antioxidant activity. They are abundantly found in vegetables, fruits, bee products, and have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects on endometriosis, both at the cellular and clinical levels.
Keywords: flavonoids, endometriosis, antioxidants
ABSTRAK
Endometriosis merupakan penyakit ginekologi kronis yang sering menyebabkan nyeri kronis, dismenore dan infertilitas. Pengobatan hormonal sebagai terapi definitif endometriosis dapat mengganggu dan dapat menyebabkan nyeri berulang. Flavonoid merupakan bahan bioaktif alami yang terdapat pada berbagai jenis buah, sayuran, dan produk lebah serta berfungsi sebagai antioksidan untuk menekan proliferasi sel patologis yang juga akan berpengaruh pada perbaikan tanda dan gejala klinis. Studi literatur ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai flavonoid sebagai zat fungsional yang berpotensi memberikan dampak dalam manajemen gizi pada endometriosis. Tinjauan dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin pencari yang terdiri dari PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Cochrane dengan kriteria inklusi berupa: (1) desain studi yaitu uji klinis acak, studi case-control atau studi in-vivo (2) literatur harus diterbitkan dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir dari tahun 2013 hingga 2023, (3) menggunakan bahasa Inggris atau bahasa Indonesia, dan (4) literatur dapat diakses secara online. Kriteria eksklusi adalah artikel tidak relevan dan teks tidak lengkap; hanya abstrak. Faktor pencetus timbulnya endometriosis masih belum diketahui, stres oksidatif merupakan salah satu faktor yang banyak terbukti berhubungan dengan endometriosis. Pemberian antioksidan alami merupakan salah satu pilihan terapi nutrisi tambahan yang menjanjikan untuk mendukung terapi utama endometriosis. Flavonoid merupakan salah satu senyawa bioaktif yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kuat dan banyak terkandung dalam sayuran, buah-buahan dan produk lebah dan memiliki efek anti-inflamasi serta anti proliferasi terhadap kondisi endometriosis secara seluler maupun tanda klinis.
Kata kunci: flavonoid, endometriosis, antioksidan
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